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The importance of MI is even greater when test respondents are compared based on their responses to different items, such as the case in computerized adaptive testing (CAT), because the existence of items that exhibit differential item functioning (DIF) can produce bias within a group as well as between groups.
Rasch-based methods have the capability of identifying people or items that exhibit unexpected response patterns (Wright & Stone, 1979).
Should it be necessary to compare QoL scores between ethnic groups, a special consideration must be made for those items that exhibit DIF.
We follow a rigorous empirical scale development process to create parsimonious sets of survey items that exhibit satisfactory levels of reliability and validity to be useful in advancing SOM empirical research in the emerging Internet-enabled back-office.
The additional effect within groups happens since not all of the examinees are administered the items that exhibit DIF.
To lower the number of excluded items, it would have been possible to use otherwise good items that exhibit DIF by explicitly modeling the DIF (i.e. using different parameters for the same item for different groups).
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The following analyses only include those items that exhibited variation in disengagement.
Country-level parameter estimates may be needed for items that exhibited differential item functioning.
There were several other pairs of items that exhibited high inter-item correlation values (cf., Table 1).
We also found six items that exhibited DIF by employment but this was not found in the only other study that included employment status [ 30].
An example of such an approach was taken during recent revisions to the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) where developers made a decision to remove items that exhibited signs of cultural specificity [ 46].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com