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In sum, our research has the potential of broadening the concept of oral health, thereby informing PRO measurement, by offering sets of parent items that encompass the domains used in the PROMIS® methodology.
However, currently, there is only one scale adapted for a Brazilian sample: Folkman and Lazarus's Ways of Coping checklist (Folkman and Lazarus 1985; Savóia et al. 1996), which consists of a questionnaire of 66 items that encompass the thoughts and actions people use to deal with the internal or external demands of a specific stressful event.
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Based on the interviews, three of the authors developed 34 items that encompassed outcome expectations that the parents reported: 17 that were perceived as positive and 17 that were perceived as negative.
The two constructs encompassed items that reflected the layout of the questionnaire, which is organised in two sections.
The PSIS encompasses 12 items that assess four aspects of suicide intent: self-harm context (item 1 4), suicide warning signs (item 5 6), subjective perceptions (item 7 10), and medical seriousness (item 11 12).
The global PROQOL-HIV score, as used in analyses, is a composite measure based on 38-items, comprising eight sub-scales (factors) that encompass the following domains: Physical health and symptoms (PHS), emotional distress (ED), health concerns (HC), body change (BC), intimate relationships (IR), social relationships (SR), stigma (ST).
On the one hand, the patient perspective may be accessed with traditional standardised tools that encompass pre-set and psychometrically determined items.
We included a broad "technology" category to encompass features such as computers, projection screens, and other items that are colloquially referred to as technology, because some interviewees were not specific.
What did that encompass?
3. Design teams that encompass the best of both worlds.
The three subscales appear to represent: personal advocacy, which contains the items that reflect a personal commitment to work with the homeless; social advocacy, which consists of the items that reflect society's responsibility to care for the homeless population; and cynicism, which encompasses the items that reflect a negative attitude and a sense of futility in working with the homeless.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com