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All GRCD items showed substantial improvement in overnight and daytime symptoms over the course of the 2-week data collection.
Within the organizational slack-space concept, 1 of the 3 items showed substantial misfit in the item-total statistics and CFA.
Fewer items showed substantial inter-rater agreement as compared to intra-rater agreement, which may be attributable to the content of the fictitious charts used for inter-rater assessment rather than differences in the abstraction process or between the abstractors themselves.
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Thirdly, one item showed substantial loadings (> 0.30) on all four factors.
Item parameter estimates (IPEs) showed substantial variation in items' discriminating power (0.94 to 2.18).
Individual item analysis showed substantial agreement for the description of random allocation, investigator and subject blinding, appropriateness of sample size, reporting of attrition, and reporting of statistical tests.
Three items showed differential item functioning (DIF), two of them showed substantial DIF.
Examination of the standardized residuals showed substantial misfit for 5 items of 2 of the 10 ACT concepts: (1) structural and electronic resources (4 items), and (2) organizational slack-space (1 item).
Inspection of the (unconstrained) b parameters for the DIF items (Table 5; columns 6 - 8 and 10 - 12) showed substantial differences in the thresholds for items 9 and 3 (ranging from 0.12 to 0.73).
Results showed substantial levels of support for both adaptation-related items.
First, overall caregivers in our study showed substantial agreement with patients for pain, and moderate to fair agreement for seven out of nine other items of our scale, POS.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com