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They will receive a content review form divided into domains, each with an accompanying definition, and will be asked to rate the items' relevance to the domain on a 4-point scale, (i.e. from 'not relevant' to 'highly relevant').
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Disease-specific measures contain items of particular relevance to patients with the disease, and as such, have inherent face validity and salience.
It is also one of the patient-reported outcomes that contain the highest number of items of particular relevance to a younger cohort, such as sports and recreation and job-related issues [ 24].
Next, a multidisciplinary panel of nine experts judged item relevance to the Belgian care context and advised which country-specific items should be added.
This questionnaire comprises three parts, the first of which (Identity) asks participants to indicate whether they have experienced any of 15 common symptoms (an additional item of particular relevance to prostate patients—"urinary problems"—was added for this study) since diagnosis and, if so, whether they attribute them to cancer.
Narrowing down the list of items is of particular relevance to EU policy formulation, because contrary to the popular perception of the EU as an omnipresent bureaucracy, the EU's activities, especially in health, are strictly limited by its mandate and capacity.
For these analyses, we examined five representative HRQOL items, including the four Core CDC items and the pain item (because of its particular relevance to arthritis).
Sixteen individuals reviewed the items (for relevance to study objectives, clarity, and questionnaire structure) and eleven completed the questionnaire.
The division between topic-specific and more generic quality items of relevance to diagnostic before-after studies is important.
Respondents rated their subjective knowledge with respect to 12 items of relevance to asylum seekers and refugees, the asylum seeking process in Sweden and health-related aspects.
They are free from the type of pre-determined items which form the majority of standardised questionnaires, and which may contain elements of little importance to some, whilst omitting items of relevance to others.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com