MMSE consists of ten items: orientation, registration, attention, recall, naming of objects, repetition, 3-step command, reading, writing and figure copying.
When looking at the individual items, orientation in space, recent memory, wakefulness, ability to increase tempo, absentmindedness, long-windedness, and distractibility, each showed significant differences (Table 3).
They were able to collect the data during regular care, but experienced problems in rating the items orientation and verbal behaviour in intubated patients.
In patients with more severe overt HE according to West-Haven criteria we observed reduction in most of MMSE scores, which reached a statistical significance in the following items: orientation to place, attention and a complex command - write a sentence.
In detail, participants were able to correctly answer the following MMSE items: orientation to time (67.8%); orientation to place (76.4%), 3-item register (93.8%), attention (51.4%), 3-item recall (37.0%), naming (82.7%), repeating 'no ifs ands or buts' (87.5%), 3-step command (72.1%), read and obey (97.1%), write sentence (89.3%), copy a design (77.2%).
MMSE consists of several short questions and problems grouped into 8 items: orientation to time and to place, registration, attention and calculation, recall, language skills, repetition and complex commands (i.e. write a sentence of his own choice, reading a sentence, understanding a command, copy of pentagons).
The 13-item Orientation to Life Questionnaire (Antonovsky, 1987a) was used to measure sense of coherence at two time points (years 1992 and 1997).
This success is mainly due to how the Euclidian distance between distractor items and background changes with item orientation.
The 13-item Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ-13) can be used to measure Sense of Coherence.
Sense of Coherence in individuals is usually measured by the 29-item orientation to life questionnaire (OLQ) or the shorter 13-item version of this questionnaire [ 2, 7].
There was no significant difference in κ (model parameter measuring variability around probed item orientation) between all four groups demonstrating that change in the resolution of information in VSTM does not contribute to the impairments observed.
