The empowering leadership of school teachers and supervisors at the training companies were measured with two single items on students' experience of each source of leadership.
The DREEM is a 50-item measure of students' perceptions of their learning environment resulting in scores on five scales.
These areas are: provision of clinical cases (6 items), authenticity of clinical experiences (9 items), supervision (7 items), organization of the doctor-patient encounters (11 items), and motivation of students to learn (7 items).
The questionnaire also has items for students' perceptions of the effectiveness of the clerkship on their clinical performance examination (see Additional file 2 for items).
This group of items measured "student understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge" (Hunter et al., 2007).
In the 1980s, I methodically collected five items of information: the student's name and business-plan concept; the type of program (in school, afterschool); if the basic math on the "economics of one unit" in the business plan was done correctly; and which field trips had been taken.
The first author subsequently created an initial pool of 80 items by combining interpretation of student and staff perspectives of the PBL process, understandings of the literature, and incorporation of items from existing tools [ 26].
Therefore, to explore the influence of a plant or animal in the item stem on student responses, we designed a study of matched pairs of distractor-driven multiple-choice items for several aspects of student understanding of natural selection.
The patterns of correlation between the summary scores and the single items according to the different studies are presented in Table 4. Subjects in the general population had the lowest correlation between the single item and the summary score, whereas the highest correlation with the summary score was observed for the items of the University students.
Because there was little room for improvement on the equation-encoding items, our analysis of students' encoding performance focused on the graph-encoding items only.
