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For instance, in realizing the Niche move, while English language proposals offered detailed discussions and critiques of previous items of research, the Chinese language proposals provided vague criticisms on uncited work, which was interpreted as a practice of "face-saving".
Results from the mean comparisons of individual items of research expectations are illustrated in Table 5.
A major advantage of the present analysis is that the JNHS is a nationwide occupational cohort study in Japan, and drawing on data from the cohort study, we could randomly allocate items of research interest, that is, type of return envelopes and timing of newsletter delivery, within the survey population.
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We conducted a qualitative examination of study quality by assessing the following items: clarity of research questions and objectives; appropriateness of study design; sample size and representativeness; validity of measures; addressing possible confounders; and generalizability.
For example, Strategy 3 of Move 1, Reviewing items of previous research is not present in P2.
Reviewing items of previous research is a strategy used by P3 as well, though not in the initial position of the proposal.
As seen in Table 1, Move 1 Establishing a territory is realized by three strategies: Claiming centrality, Making topic generalizations and Reviewing items of previous research.
Generally, it can be said that the suggested items of this research has led to the betterment of managers and operators' efficiency and of the efficiency gap between them.
It sets up the larger intellectual or real world background for the proposed topic via the use of four mutually inclusive strategies: Claiming centrality, Making topic generalizations, Reviewing items of previous research, and Stating personal interest.
Therefore, Samraj (2002, 16) proposes removing Reviewing items of previous research as a step under Move 1, and instead treating it as a "free-standing sub-step that can be employed in the realization of any step in the introduction".
Reviewing items of previous research is a rhetorical device where writers specify previous findings, attribute the findings to their authors, and adopt a stance towards the findings (Swales 1990).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com