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Low scores on the scale items indicate that the patient is completely dependent on care; high scores indicate that the patient is almost independent of care [ 37, 38].
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Note that (beta_{1}), (beta_{2}), and (beta_{3}) do not have the subscript for items, indicating that the form effects were constrained to be the same across all items.
First, we see if the relationships among items indicated that the tiers represent distinct traits, or whether the first and second tier items are indistinguishable.
Items indicated that the touch screen survey was highly acceptable to people in this setting [ 34].
However, the residual correlation matrix of the items indicated that the four subscales had local item dependency which grouped the items into their respective subscales.
The test-retest scores showed no significant difference for 26 out of the 28 items, indicating that the questionnaire has achieved stable reliability.
A quantitative analysis of close-ended items indicated that the students improved their scores between pretest and posttest, with no significant difference between the conditions (tangible model/image).
To note, the more favorable distribution is one with a greater proportion of fulfilled items, indicating that the journal has met more criteria for methodological quality.
The table shows that the majority of the PROMIS PF-10 items were easier/less difficult to do than the new candidate ceiling items, indicating that the new ceiling items are better at assessing physical function in high functioning participants.
We noted few inconsistencies between both forward translations and between the back translations and the original items, indicating that the translated version is reflecting the same item content as the original version.
High discrimination for low difficulty items indicates that the abilities assessed by these items are lost at an advanced stage and that these losses are rapid once this stage has been reached.
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lines indicate that the
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sections indicate that the
themes indicate that the
subjects indicate that the
papers indicate that the
articles indicate that the
property indicate that the
topic indicate that the
items indicated that the
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com