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These questions were designed to assess children's perceptions of friendship (3 items), importance of the group (3 items), fitting in (3 items), enjoyment (3 items), and closeness with other group members (3 items).
The three-part questionnaire contains 70 items, plus 13 additional items specifically for third and fifth-year students: A. Perceptions about FM (19 items): degree of agreement with statements about the social and scientific status of FM (8 items), importance of the factors that could have influenced these opinions (6 items), and feedback within the medical school about FM (5 items).
B. Preparation for FM by the medical program (26 items): opinions about the need for mandatory training in FM (5 items) and how it should be delivered (5 items), importance of contributions made by FM in various areas of the curriculum (13 items), and usefulness of PC rotations (3 items).
Correlation coefficients between items and the corresponding total score (corrected for overlap) were ≥ 0.3 for 10 of the 12 items relative to country of origin, with lower consistency levels for items "importance to celebrate holidays" and "kindness and generosity of people".
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The reversed value of the single item "importance of avoiding quarrelling", rated on a Likert scale from 1 (very important) to 4 (not important at all), was used as an indirect indication of aggression.
Mean information item importance scores ranged from 5.9/10 to 8.7/10.
Of the 20 items, 10 also achieved consensus with respect to the participants' rating of item importance and attitude (via the Likert-scale responses).
Each item included a rating scale to indicate item importance for a person's QoL.
The panel completed the same Likert scale as round 2 to determine item importance.
Following the second round, a ranking of item importance will be made to rationalise the number of items.
The item importance ratings provided yet another opportunity to assess cultural differences in the relative importance of item content and how items might perform differently between the two countries in the future.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com