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Regarding the positive aspects of the technique, the software engineers quoted the following: "I believe that the items guided me well to find defects in the diagram" (S1) and "I consider that this technique helps finding defects in the diagram before creating other artifacts" (S2).
Pre-testing identified potential strengths and weaknesses of PU-QOL items, guided decision-making about modifications to items (content and response options) and questionnaire design, and provided early evidence for validity and clinical utility of each PU-QOL scale as reflected by clinically meaningful hierarchical scales, prior to formal psychometric evaluation.
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New York State rangers recommend that hikers carry a day pack containing the following items: Guide book and map.
Our analysis of specific items guides the improvement of the health system.
A number of recent studies have shown that currently rewarded items guide attention (Hickey, Chelazzi, & Theeuwes, 2010a, 2010b, 2011), or that items that were rewarded in the past can continue to have attention-attracting power, even if they are no longer rewarded on current trials (Anderson, Laurent, & Yantis, 2011).
The knowledge items were guided by previous studies [ 36- 39]; two items used multi-choice response options (one correct answer) while the remaining 29 items had fixed response options of true, false or unsure.
The division of items was guided by the literature [ 6, 17, 24].
Scoring of each item is guided by a marking guide, which provides detailed descriptions of each of the abovementioned scoring categories (Table 2).
In health, the lateral prefrontal cortex has been associated with maintenance of items in working memory (D' Esposito 2007) and the retrieval or selection of remembered items to guide responses (Rowe et al. 2000; Petrides 2002; Hampshire et al. 2008; Hampshire et al. 2009) or to identify targets (Hampshire et al. 2008; Hampshire et al. 2009).
Three other items that guide the type of support concerned computer skills, functioning in groups and willingness to perform self-monitoring (3 items).
Studies of memory suggest that we have a worrying tendency to rely on our familiarity with study items to guide our judgements of whether we know them.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com