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Additional, novel items gauged the guides' perceptions of the islands, insofar as Galápagos is connected to evolution and the history of evolutionary thought.
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The data include measures of voting intention, partisan affiliation, standard demographic variables (education, income, age, and race), as well as items gauging perceptions of voter fraud and media bias.
The first 6 items gauge different manifestations of motor retardation such as slowness of gait, limb movement, or speech.
Decision time, the second subscale, included five items gauging the parent's perception of child's inability to delay decision making before considering alternatives (e.g. '[CHILD] often acts at the spur of the moment').
Items gauging in-school physical activity and out-of-school physical activity, and out-of-school sedentary and travel behaviours developed for the IPEN – Adolescent study were translated from English into Chinese, adapted, and pilot tested.
Items gauging modes of transportation to/from school showed the highest level of reliability.
Two Likert items gauge tolerance of non-marital cohabitation: "It's a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first" and "It is alright for a couple to live together without intending to get married".
Other core items gauge the strength of norms for what married people should do, that is, stay married, specialize by gender, and be sexually faithful: 1) "Divorce is the best solution when a couple can't seem to work out their marriage problems".
All items were gauged on five-point Likert scale ranged from 1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree".
First, building on these conceptual distinctions in the definition of the marital institution, this analysis is the first to marshal a wide battery of attitude items to gauge whether the deinstitutionalization-of-marriage thesis is supported by changes in attitudes toward both marital and non-marital behavior.
Reliability of the items was first gauged by inspecting the loading of each item on a corresponding construct.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com