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Word stacks (Strevens, 1977; Trimble, 1985) are a well demonstrated feature of scientific writing that consist of strings of adjectives, or other items functioning as adjectives, preceding an eventual noun whose meaning they progressively modify.
The three subscales are as follows: pain (five items), functioning (nine items) and other symptoms of SE (six items).
It is also interesting to note some differential items functioning according to gender, age groups and education.
The PedsQL is a 23-item instrument including four domains: physical (8 items), emotional (5 items), social (5 items), and school (5 items) functioning [ 25, 32].
The scores of the 22 items are gathered into five groups of met and unmet needs, namely: basic (3 items), health (7 items), social (3 items), functioning (5 items), and service (4 items).
The items are grouped into 7 domains: symptoms of depression (13 items), anxiety and irritability (5 items), features of positive mental health (11 items), coping ability (3 items), functioning (3 items), life satisfaction (3 items), and a general sense of wellbeing (3 items).
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Differential item functioning (DIF) explores whether test items function differentially across different groups of test takers who are matched on ability.
The study first examined whether the GSEEE items functioned differentially towards different university type groups.
Items were tested for differential item functioning (DIF) to check if items functioned in the same way across all subgroups.
Such analyses also allow the detection and handling of differential item functioning (DIF) [ 5]: items function differently if they yield different responses patterns across groups of subjects.
Differential item functioning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com