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Table 4 Data set statistics Dataset Users Items Context dim Ratings Scale Adom.
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The server has been not modified index and data item context for broadcast cycle.
We define item context as the surface features used to frame a question and response choices.
We calculated Cohen's d to calculate an effect size of item context on students' scores.
Nehm and Ha ([2011]) subsequently investigated item feature effects and discussed the influence of the item context.
While these studies have identified differences in student response patterns with open-ended items, we do not yet know how item context might influence student responses to ordered multiple-choice items.
In this paper, we explore high school students' response patterns to matched pairs of multiple-choice items about natural selection, varying item context through the use of plants or animals in the item stems.
Each item comprises a situational item context and a question which refers to a situation within a company, as well as four different response options, including one attractor and three distractors.
The findings of this study indicate the influence of item context on student pretest responses, and as such they indicate the importance of teachers eliciting and building upon the ideas that students bring to learning about natural selection.
While the difference in their scores was statistically significant, the effect size (d = 0.4) reflected only a medium-size effect of item context on students' application of scientific explanations for natural selection.
Through this work, revised instruments could intentionally use item context as a consideration in measurement: either to draw upon a variety of contexts to measure reasoning in various ways; or to strategically select only one or two contexts to control for variations, like the LPDI does.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com