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Only one of the following items (answer below) is untrue - can you guess which?
In addition, we tested various possible wordings of items, answer choices and instructions if the translation team considered more than one possible version.
As with all self-report instruments, there is risk that subjects did not understand all of the scale items, answer accurately, or without bias.
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Items answered by guessing, indicate that the respondent's ability is lesser than its difficulty.
Indeed, items answered correctly by about half of the students are almost always discarded when the test is revised.
The score for this task is the number of items answered correctly.
The instrument consists of 20 items, answered on a 3-point scale (0 = never; 1 = sometimes; 2 = very often).
The scale consists of 35 items answered on a Likert-type scale from 0 to 4 points.
All the comparisons were based on 31 stem-equivalent structure items and 8 stem-equivalent reading items answered by the three groups.
It consists of 45 items, answered on a Likert scale, divided in four factors, which express how people cope with their problems.
Participants' resilience was assessed by the short version of the resilience scale (RS) [27], consisting of 11 items answered on a seven-point Likert scale.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com