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For all items, a response of "0" represented a better outcome for the patient.
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Figures 6 and 5 show, among others, how these false alarms come to be: some of the clutter items have a response that closely resembles that of UXO.
Items without a response or marked as not applicable are not counted.
Items require a response on a four-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree".
The total number of items with a response is multiplied by 4 to get the highest potential score.
The scale consists of 20 items, with a response scale from 0=Not true to 2=Very true or often true.
"Unmet needs" scores were determined based on the total number of items with a response of "needed, not provided".
There were only isolated examples of individual instructors misinterpreting an item or a response option.
Each item requires a response on a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree".
The constant term is used if there is any item with a response greater than level 1.
The constant term is used if there is any dysfunction at all (any item with a response greater than 1).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com