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As population-based studies were planned and undertaken, and in consultation with a wide range of experts and local investigators from over 20 countries, the instrument was amended, expanded through a process of item development and refined through item rejection based on empirical experience.
On the item level, potential gender differences were analyzed by unidimensional ANOVAs to test for inherent item bias that would lead to item rejection and, thus, ensure items are gender neutral.
Item analyses and selection was based on the criteria: percentage of symptomatic answers (5-95%), effect size f of gender- or age-related item bias < .40, mean item-total correlation rit > .30, and potentially improving scale reliability Cronbach's α by item rejection while avoiding trivial redundancy as well as keeping a broad balance of scale content.
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Three factors were included in the current study: Emotional Warmth (19 items), Rejection (17 items) and Overprotection (11 items).
Factor three incorporates 13 items: seven Poor Hygiene items, three Spoilage items, two Body Secretions items and one Oral Rejection item.
Factor one of the preferred three-factor model assembles 15 items: all but one Oral Rejection item, five items of Body Secretions, three Spoilage items and two of Poor Hygiene.
Accordingly, based on the rejection data (25 items rejected out of 37,500 total items produced) targets worked out for 50%% improvements.
Four event types were defined, consisting of correct responses to 'Own Flashback' items, correct responses to 'Own Episodic' item, correct rejections to 'Other Flashback' items, and correct rejections to 'Other Episodic' items.
The PARQ includes four sub-scales: "Warmth (20 items), Hostility/Aggression (15 items), Neglect and Indifference (15 items), and Undifferentiated Rejection (10 items)".
The two anxiety scales focus on fear of talking and fear of being in the focus of attention (TALK; 12 items: e.g., "I get nervous when I am the focus of attention") and fear of rejection (REJECT; 10 items: e.g., "For me it is hard to make a fool of myself").
All items loaded on the designated scale, with the exception of five items of the rejection scale (the items 8, 24, 35, 71, and 76 in the article of Markus et al. [ 19], which were rejected because they had loadings lower than 0.30 or had a loading that differed by less than 0.10 with the second highest loading.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com