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Set in writing, but not necessarily set in stone, it is literally a line-item set of instructions to achieve an 18-hour deployment for the 150-soldier Initial Ready Company, a 48-hour deployment for a Division Ready Force and a 72-hour deployment for the entire Division Ready Brigade.
Cognitive interviewing of the participants was done to find out problems with wording of items, interpretation of instructions and to estimate the time required to complete the surveys.
To understand the effect of instruction type on item-type, items for which three or more raters agreed (majority coding) were used in the analyses (findings were substantively the same when analyses were restricted to the 16 consensus coding items).
The item and instruction wording of each PRO measure was clear, free of clinical terminology and generally written in simple language.
A pilot evaluation of the face validity, content validity and comprehensibility of the items, and clarity of instructions, was conducted by the researcher (TS).
For each instrument, interRAI created a detailed item by item instruction manual, with item definitions, process instructions, and examples.
Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion.
Instructions for the analytical self-focus condition emphasized thinking about the causes, meanings, and consequences of each item whereas the instructions for the experiential self-focus condition emphasized focusing one's attention on the experience of each item.
By William Ryan and St. Clair McKelway The New Yorker, May 12 , 1956P. 34 International Intelligence: Concluding item in a list of instructions to be found inside the telephone booths at the airport in Shannon, Ireland: "To answer: lift receiver and speak".
When analyzing the cognitive debriefing interviews the focus was on confirming patient understanding and interpretation of items, instructions and response options of the HAE PRO.
In addition, there was no interaction of the type of instruction with the specific types of topographic map reading items.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com