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Exact(3)
It is well established in the literature that the semantics of a lexical item is understood, in part at least, by the association of the item to the other lexical items used around it.
Whereas comprehensibility captures whether an item is understood though local idioms, relevance is a measure of whether the item has locally significant meaning.
To ask respondents to rephrase each item is one technique that can identify whether an item is understood or not [ 3].
Similar(57)
The aim of the cognitive validation was to check whether all selected items were understood by patients as intended, and whether the answering options were complete and made sense.
All items were understood perfectly and were completed without difficulty.
Cognitive testing of the revised items is suggested to ensure items are understood as intended.
The think-aloud interviews showed that in general the items were understood as intended.
A pilot study was conducted to confirm that the questionnaire items were understood and could be completed successfully.
The interviews showed that in general the items were understood as intended, although some issues were identified.
An obvious question would be if the statements in the various items were understood differently by the groups.
The objective in adapting questionnaires is to ensure that items are understood in the same way in different countries.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com