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The fit of each item is indicated by standardized residuals (z values) and Chi2 test results.
The 47 items selected are listed in tables 2 and 3 where the source of each item is indicated by the code in the legend.
In this sense, 'difficulty' refers to the likelihood of an item being endorsed; where endorsement of an item is indicated by a higher score on that item, then the most difficult items will have lower mean item scores [ 8].
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Responses for each item were indicated on a seven-point Likert scale, from −3 to 3. Positive responses to item 7, "It seemed like I could have moved my hand if I had wanted", were coded inversely (viz., a response of +3 was coded as −3).
The location on the variable and the relative difficulty of these items is indicated in the variable map depicted in Figure 2 and the test blueprint in Figure 5.
Included items are indicated in Table 2.
The selected items are indicated with a hash in Table 2.
Possible translation problems of the Physical Functioning (PF) items were indicated by the comparatively low ceiling effects.
All other items were included in a confirmatory factor analysis (items are indicated in Table 1) using a weighted least squares means and variances adjusted estimator and factor scores derived for each participant.
The selected items are indicated with an asterisk in Table 2. Next, to further assess validity in the form of the structure of the underlying constructs, the SEM analyses were repeated with the long version (see Table 3).
The rationale for item removal is indicated by one of two symbols (* and †).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com