Given a collection of n items (elements) and an associated symmetric distance dij between each pair of items i and j, we seek a subset P of these items (with a given cardinality p) so that the minimum pairwise distance among the selected items is maximized.
For each outcome variable, we identified the model of best fit by starting with a model that included the factors we manipulated in the lessons (gesture to graphs, gesture to equations), and additional factors that characterized the items (element (intercept or slope) and, where applicable, output representation (graph or equation)), as well as potential interactions among these factors.
Our little revolutionary moment comes in a document with the memorable title "ADP 2-7 agenda item 3 Elements for a draft negotiating text" with its climate-busting section D (paragraph 13.2) outlining several possible long-term goals for a new climate change agreement.
The model of best fit included significant main effects of teacher gesture to equations, problem element (slope or intercept), pretest performance (on the corresponding item and element), and age in months, as well as random effects of participant, item, and the slopes of output representation and element within participants (see Table 3 for details of the model specification).
We also included participants' age (in months) and pretest performance on the corresponding items and elements.
In random sampling, each item or element of the population has an equal chance of being selected at each draw.
The other alternative to the unit-species approach departs from it by increasing not decreasing our focus on items or elements.
In common and commonsense discussions, creativity is considered as an innate ability, by which actions of original creation give rise to brand new items and elements.
Test quality depends on review, which determines whether test items or elements meet the required characteristics.
We resolved disagreements through group discussion, and documented the correspondence between instrument items or elements and domains.
