Exact(15)
Obtain permission to translate, decide on approach, and Item Definition Table provided.
(Back-translator to be kept blind to source questionnaire and Item Definition Table).
An Item Definition Table describing the concepts being measured along with translation alternatives is also developed as part of the measure development process, as recommended by Herdman and colleagues [14] for achieving semantic equivalence.
10 Final Review and Documentation (Proofreading) Ensure proposed revision maintains conceptual equivalence and does not threaten international harmonization for future data pooling purposes, implement revisions, proofread revised translations, and document any relevant alternatives in the Item Definition Table.
Ensure proposed revision maintains conceptual equivalence and does not threaten international harmonization for future data pooling purposes, implement revisions, proofread revised translations or adaptations, and document any relevant alternatives in the Item Definition Table.
Table 3 PRO Consortium Translation Process Steps Step Number Step Name Universal Approach Country-specific Approach for New Language 1 Preparation Obtain permission to translate, decide on approach, and Item Definition Table provided.
Similar(45)
A standardized list of cost items and cost item definitions for decommissioning projects allows a database to be built up and rational comparisons made among estimates or actual out-turn costs for the different items of decommissioning work.
Additionally, the qualitative nature of the abstraction and interpretation of each item definitions are complex and may lead to less reliable results.
These entailed: a set of item definitions piloted for high comprehension; adequate statistical control for confounding influences by scene content and user experience; a substantially sized, highly varied image database; and the employment of statistical instruments to formally test for nonlinear relationships.
These have the advantage of detailed item definitions but emphasise institutional characteristics over patient centred features.
GF and CO'N rated the data and contributed to the item definitions in the manual.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com