These findings suggest that a "designer item" approach will be useful for human oral cancer prevention strategies.
Moreover, a recent review reported that the single item approach has the highest validity of current methodologies [ 33].
The fee item approach depends on the observation that a subset of the cases of enteric illness has an unambiguous fee item marker.
Although a secondhand smoke item approached statistical significance in our analytic sample, future studies evaluating this item in nonsmokers may be of interest.
Following Scarpello and Campell [ 64], Wanous et al. [ 65] and Nagy [ 66] we decided to measure overall job satisfaction taking a single item approach.
The present effects may then reflect the fact that the moving item approached the current focus of attention, rather than that it approached a representation of the self as such.
Further, the use of either a sequential item approach or a Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis (CEFA) may be a useful strategy to improve the validity of the tool [ 47].
In particular due to the lack of knowledge of the completeness of all potential influence factors and the lack of empirical and theoretical information about their individual weighting, a single item approach seems to be the more appropriate method.
The 19-item Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire (ADQ) [ 4, 5], that aims to capture respondent's attitudes towards people with dementia, was also included in the survey.
A major limitation of our study design is that it did not allow for a head-to-head comparison between quasi-indirect and direct measurements of change, nor did it allow for a head-to-head comparison between multi-item approaches and general approaches for measuring change directly or (quasi-) indirectly.
