Australian, New Zealand, Indian, South African, Free French, Greek and Polish units provided much of its manpower, making it as cosmopolitan as Napoleon's Grande Armée - but ultimately much more successful.
Portugal has traditionally exported some of its manpower - it has a diaspora around the world of three million.
"It's the manpower, it's how many people you have," he said.
But whatever it lacks in manpower, it more than makes up for in animals, vegetables and minerals.
It is also lowering fuel costs and increasing the efficiency of aircraft by reducing weight, as well as examining how it allocates manpower among ground employees.
Weighing the long-term environmental consequences of spills, water consumption, methane migration, waste production and disposal, truck traffic etc. is not simple – it requires manpower, reporting, transparency, and enforcement.
"We are talking about a situation where any company wanting to explore, let alone drill, has to rely on U.S. expertise, be it equipment, manpower, know-how," Ian Cronshaw, head of energy diversification at the International Energy Agency in Paris, "That can be very, very expensive".
About 80% to 90% of the cost of a launcher is hourly rates - it's manpower.
But he has left the Treasury Department understaffed and floundering just when it needs manpower the most.
