In such an assay, the specific hybridization pattern or gene expression profile generated by an unknown (experimental) sample is typically compared with a control (reference) pattern.
The target model is typically compared against a less restrictive model (e.g., comparing model one versus the baseline model).
The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is typically compared with a reference value to support the cost-effectiveness of a decision.
A progression group is typically compared to a non-progression group at baseline and the results are typically reported as ORs for disease progression for a one-unit higher baseline knee joint loading.
To capture the level of interconnectedness that is not accounted for by node degree, Φ(k) of the empirical network is typically compared with the distribution obtained from a set of random graphs.
Although zygotic embryogenesis is the model against which somatic embryogenesis is typically compared, zygotic embryo development has rarely been studied because the isolation of zygotic embryos from immature conifer seeds is technically challenging, especially at early stages of embryo development [ 15].
Similarly, when cohorts of children or adults are followed prospectively for the occurrence of diarrheal illness, the rate of detection of various pathogens of interest when a subject develops diarrhea is typically compared to serial "routine" specimens from that subject that were collected systematically when he/she did not have diarrhea [ 2– 4].
Based on the PPy/CNT composite, the performance of the optimized coated electrode and the compressed electrode was typically compared in terms of the electrochemical characteristic and desalination performance.
This discordance was necessary because, at present, there is no Bayesian MCMC procedure for automatic assignment that treats dominant data properly (STRUCTURE accepts dominant data, but K must be determined manually), and methods for population structure inference are typically compared using co-dominant data.
For detecting LGT, phylogenies are typically compared against a reference species tree (e.g. [ 24]).
