This is why is should be applied after cleansing.
If COI disclosure is a good idea, and I think that it is, then it should be applied consistently across academic publishing and testimony, rather than being used as a selectively applied political bludgeon by campaigning journalists and politicians seeking to delegitimize certain academics whose work they do not like.
It shouldn't exist for its own sake, but it should be applied when it is the best tool.
Regarding the mediation analysis, it is generally considered that it should be applied in large population studies; however, its application in small/medium sized research, such as the present study, is not unusual practice and does not necessarily hamper results.
When a recommendation is ambiguous and not enforced by law, a requirement unclear and vague, then it is also not obvious how it should be applied in practice.
Among the steps they described are three that are of particular relevance to the study described below; firstly the GP should be aware of the research evidence, secondly that she should recall that evidence when it is relevant and lastly that it should be applied.
At the beginning of every class I always talk with my students about how Kung Fu is truly a peaceful art; whenever possible it's always best to walk or run away from a fight and go tell a teacher or parent.The rule is that it only should be applied if one is in serious danger.
Being able to construct a bridge from scratch is nice, but unless you know what a bridge is for, when and how it should be applied, where it should be carried and how to get over it, and so on, it's just a part in search of a whole.
Even when Gaffney's survey appears to be more nuanced by asking Muslims how they would "characterize shariah," it only offers options about how broadly sharia -- whatever it is -- should be applied.
As commenters point out, if this is going to be applied, it should be applied universally.
The disaster relief law is vague on how it should be applied, so presidents have great latitude.
