GSK-3β is rendered inactive when it is phosphorylated at Ser9 by activated AKT[ 33].
There are hereditary mechanisms whereby once a portion of DNA is rendered inactive in a cell it remains inactive in all of that cell's descendents.
Given Property 1, if any reaction is removed from an extreme pathway, or inactivated by constraining its flux to zero, the entire pathway is rendered inactive, that is, the flux of each reaction in the pathway must be zero.
However since we see no significant up-regulation of endogenous Pdx1 with Ad-PNM it may be that the chromatin is not really accessible and is rendered inactive by other modifications not examined in the present study.
This enzyme is rendered inactive in individuals who have alkaptonuria, owing to mutation of the enzyme's gene HGD.
In this situation, the catalyst is rendered inactive and low quality nanotubes are produced, as detected for samples prepared with 0.3 g ferrocene.
Conversely, on phosphorylation by ROCK, MYPT1 is rendered inactive, therefore increasing MLC activity levels (Birukova et al., 2004; Tsai & Jiang, 2006).
The cytoprotective anti-oxidant proteins include for example superoxide dismutases (SOD) that convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which, in turn, is rendered inactive by catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
Nuclear factor- κB is rendered inactive in nonstimulated cells in the cytoplasm due to its association to NF- κB inhibitory proteins, known as I κBs.
When APC is rendered inactive by mutation, β-catenin levels rise and the protein moves into the nucleus where it acts with Tcf/Lef cofactors to regulate transcription of c-myc, cyclin D and other oncogenes [ 15].
Owing to the presence of the TA domain, TAp63 β and TAp63 γ are constitutively active on prototypical p53 promoters such as p21, mdm2, and bax, but TAp63 α is rendered inactive by an auto-inhibitory sequence located within the α C-terminus.
