And so in ESCs, where activators maintain expression of pluripotency genes, differentiation genes could simply be off (by default, as it were) until activated by some activators that are rendered functional by virtue of gain (or loss) of a signal.
The synthetic lethality relationship appears when the product of gene X is rendered non-functional by the action of the drug.
Elevated levels of BPIF proteins in CF, in the face of chronic infection and inflammation, suggest that the protein is rendered non-functional by the abnormal milieu present in the airways of CF patients.
A total potential energy is defined, assuming a linear elastic behaviour, and the correspondent functional is rendered discrete by means of the Rayleigh-Ritz method.
Evolution of the normalized misfit of the SD and GN methods is presented at the middle panel of Figure 4. Evolution of the objective functional is rendered at the bottom panel of this figure.
Here, for the first time since Classical antiquity and in striking contrast to medieval art, the human body is rendered as a self-activating functional organism, and the human personality is shown with a confidence in its own worth.
Firstly, the tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1 is drastically reduced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Grb2 or expressing a functionally impaired Grb2 protein in which its SH2 domain has been rendered non-functional by the E89K knock-in mutation [ 60].
Even if it could not be excluded that the coding sequence could also contain miRNA target sequences that are functional in translation regulation, they would most likely be rendered non-functional by traversing ribosomes during translation.
Nevertheless, it is still not clear whether the mechanisms by which these genes are rendered non-functional might be relevant to the natural history of the tumours and to the changes that arise and are selected throughout the oncogenic process.
Therefore it seems well conceivable that many genes, including SLC1A8 and SLC1A9, may have been rendered non-functional during these rearrangement events.
