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Only stepwise functions of time are considered for x t) or z(t), i.e., x t) and z(t) are supposed to remain constant over intervals [ t i, t i + 1[. The first part λ0 t) is the baseline hazard function. It is left unspecified in the Cox model [1] or it can take a parametric form as in Weibull model shown in (2).
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Notice that the topic time is encoded as a variable (henceforth, tTop) in the aspect marker and its reference is left unspecified until TP, where the topic time is merged.
The reason for restricting the replacement variable to one not occurring elsewhere in the scope of the quantifier can be seen from an example: If ϕxy is taken as before to mean "x loves y," the wff (∀x)ϕxy expresses the proposition form "Everyone loves y," in which the identity of y is left unspecified, and so does its bound alphabetical variant (∀z)ϕzy.
It is similar to the Cox PH model in that the baseline subdistribution hazard rate is left unspecified and the subdistribution hazard rates are assumed to be proportional.
The meaning of both a "clear question" and a "clear majority" is left unspecified in the act, to be interpreted by the supreme court".
Here's the gist: A rube named Thomas comes to the big city (which one is left unspecified, as is the time period), finds his relentless optimism tested at every turn, becomes lovestruck and spends a lot of time trying to locate and win the girl (Anika Larsen).
Also, longitudinal data allow specifying the time that elapses before an effect emerges, whereas in cross-sectional studies, the time interval is left unspecified.
If what counts as yielding the values of a function is left unspecified, any of the systems discussed in Section 4.1, such as genuinely random processes and systems that manipulate arbitrary real-valued quantities, would count as hypercomputers.
Hazard functions can be estimated using either semiparametric or parametric methods.8 Semiparametric models are more appealing as they allow greater flexibility; in semiparametric models, the baseline hazard λ 0 (t) is left unspecified.9 Hazard is a function of a vector of explanatory variables X with coefficients ß that can be estimated.
CRR is semi-parametric in that the baseline sub-hazard of the event of interest is left unspecified, and the effects of covariates are assumed to be proportional.
The transition model only specifies the conditional distribution Pr O ij | H ij ), and the marginal distribution Pr O i 1) is left unspecified.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com