For example, a negative existential sentence such as 'There are no unicorns' is made true, it seems, not by what exists, but by what fails to exist: it is true for lack of any falsemakers.
Dreams, hallucinations, and illusions are experiences in which the purported object of the experience does not exist or fails to exist in the manner it is presented.
Since it is necessary that there are no such possibilities, it follows that, had some actually existing individual a failed to exist, there have been no singular propositions about that individual; or, as Prior often puts it, there would have been no facts about a, not even the fact that a fails to exist (see, e.g., Prior [1957], pp. 48-49).
It is well known that the ML estimator exists when the data is non-separable, but fails to exist when the data is separable.
And it may be held that Socrates has the property in all possible worlds, even in those where he fails to exist.
When a punishment allocation fails to exist for some agent, dynamic games in which agents gradually reveal their evidence implement a larger set of outcomes.
Similar reasoning shows that any other false proposition fails to exist.
Let a be any object in the actual world w0 that fails to exist in some world w.
Whereas (5b) gives the restricted quantifier wide scope: the x such that x is the present King of France fails to exist.
But what relevant, substantive difference distinguishes worlds in which a fails to exist from those in which a fails to be altogether?
Now consider an LD structure \(M\) in which Mary exists at some of the worlds in \(M\) but fails to exist at others.
