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At the same time it downregulated enzymes in respiratory carbon metabolism (glycolysis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway) including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH).
It downregulated expression of CDKD1 3 gene and increased expression of CDKD1 1 gene using CDKF.
It downregulated the activity of CDKA 2 and inhibited DNA replication process in cells.
Furthermore, it downregulated the expression of phospho-Akt and phospho-mTOR.
H2O2 significantly upregulated p53, p38 and JNK, while it downregulated ERK1/2, AKT and NF-Kβ, compared to untreated controls.
Interestingly, this finding correlates with our array studies, where hypoxia upregulated more gene transcripts than it downregulated.
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TGF-β strongly upregulates production and deposition of the major ECM constituents, while it downregulates fibrolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [8], [9].
It downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens, and co-stimulatory molecules on macrophages.
It downregulates a wide array of angiogenic marker genes and upregulates apoptotic markers, including Bid and Bax.
It downregulates oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria by transcriptional activation of genes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1).
Us3 does not phosphorylate MHC I and cannot downregulate MHC I expression when over-expressed alone, which suggests that it downregulates cell surface MHC I indirectly.
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