Simplified, the cross validation procedure sequentially removes one fossil at a time and estimates the node it constrains, to test whether a fossil causes a significant shift towards an older age of the node.
A strength and limitation of the propensity score approach is that it constrains comparisons to subjects with a similar likelihood of receiving a treatment based upon their observed characteristics.
It constrains the registration in a groupwise fashion by using the temporal information.
On the other side, it constrains the analysis to a relatively small number of variables quarterly available for all Spanish regions, and with up-to-date coverage.3.3
In this case, another possibility, the partial credit model (Masters, 1982), was not used because it constrains the discrimination power (a parameter) to be equal for all items.
"That's exciting," says Baganoff, "because it constrains the emission to a zone about 20 times the size of the black hole's event horizon," the boundary beyond which light cannot escape.
This approach offers greater flexibility over using fixed constraints on layer smoothness, since it learns from the data what amount of variability is possible and in what regions, while on the other hand, it constrains the model to a plausible space of states.
Conceptually, it constrains the probability of observing a certain state in the future on the basis of the dynamical properties of the system.
Basic swipe and click commands are really it, constrained by a browser platform that essentially only supports elementary gestures.
It constrains you in how you think about what you can do in a space, and it constrains your imagination.
