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The issue of lay investiture (the practice whereby secular rulers formally presented to clerics the symbols of their various offices) gained paramount importance in Alexander II's reform program.
From the imperial point of view, it was impossible to separate the issue of lay investiture from the changes occurring in the political life of the northern Italian cities.
Besides harsh financial hardships to jurors in this economically topsy-turvy time, there is the issue of lay people trying to decipher intricate legal language and instructions.
We then situate the issue of lay perspectives within the long tradition of writings in this area.
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Then there's the issue of lying, of which Edwards did plenty when trying to keep his 'private life' worthy of the term.
He has already whittled the 11 grounds of impeachment recommended by the independent counsel, Kenneth Starr, and later expanded to 15 by the Republicans' investigative counsel, down to three "core" issues of lying under oath, obstruction of justice and witness-tampering.
A recent issue of Pizza Marketing Quarterly lay on the table.
Contributors to this issue of ARCR lay the groundwork for understanding the multilayered interactions between alcohol and immune function by presenting an overview of the immune system (see the article by Spiering) and by reviewing current research on the effects of alcohol on innate immunity (see the article by Nagy) and on adaptive immunity (see the article by Pasala and colleagues).
The administration, it seems, is imagining not negotiations on discrete arms control treaties, but separate meetings over months and years, bilateral and multilateral, on a range of security issues to lay down broad new rules of international relations.
In our opinion, one strategy to address these issues entails the use of lay health counsellors (LHCs), a form of task shifting already shown to be effective in the treatment of common mental disorders in LMICs' (54, 55).
The issue of them lying isn't introduced until the very end, and as good as that "LIE" visual is (all 2.5 seconds of it), the voiceover is oh-so gentle: "Politicians lying about their records?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com