Senator Carl Levin, Democrat of Michigan, who has worked on the issue, estimated the United States loses $100 billion a year in revenue because of international tax cheats.
Environmentalists routinely advise people to buy organic food and issue estimates on how many Americans are being poisoned by tiny amounts of pesticides.
Christian Aid, which is campaigning on the issue, estimates that at least $160bn£98bnbn) goes missing each year – money that could be spent on healthcare and education.
HMRC has since admitted VAT evasion in online shopping had become a "very big issue", estimating it cost up to £1.5bn a year in lost tax.
The Leasehold Knowledge Partnership, which has vigorously campaigned on this issue, estimates that around 100,000 homebuyers are trapped in contracts with spiralling ground rents.
Those agencies, however, do not issue estimates for unofficial proposals from politicians, such as the ones presidential candidates make on the stump.
Recent media coverage of the air pollution caused by diesel vehicles has put the spotlight on a public health issue estimated to cost the UK between £9bn and £19bn per year.
The Rhodium Group, a consultancy that studies this issue, estimates that if current Chinese investment trends continue, between 200,000 and 400,000 Americans will be working for Chinese companies by 2020.
The Center for Retirement Research at Boston College — the nation's leading research group on this issue — estimates that 51 percent of households are at risk of not having enough to maintain their living standards after retirement.
This study addressed this issue, estimating the contribution of landscape composition and configuration to spatial variation in species richness and abundances of mammalian carnivores across a gradient of agricultural intensification in southern Portugal.
