Due to these complexities, existing methods for large-scale detection of negative side effects using observational data all tend to have issues distinguishing between association and causality.
The machine proved to be most useful for female pelvic and obstetric issues: distinguishing ovarian cysts from uterine fibroids, determining pregnancy, following progression of pregnancies, and identifying abnormal and twin pregnancies.
Few if any issues distinguish one candidate from another.
To assess whether other issues distinguished the growth of these stocks, we measured fecundity at 25° (number of eggs laid in a 28-hr period, dusk-to-dusk).
Reliability is an important issue in distinguishing 'design moves'.
Another important issue for distinguishing motion artefacts from true lesions is that any plaque has to be entirely visible on the reconstructed images [38].
In the philosophy of science, the issue of distinguishing science from non-science is known as the demarcation problem (Godfrey-Smith 2003).
For Cajetan's exposition of the issue, carefully distinguishing Aquinas's from Scotus's position, and for useful references to both authors, see Cajetan [CBE], c. 4 (nn. 55 62), pp. 134 155.
Some of the challenges of gene therapy clinical trial design are similar to those in studies of conventional pharmacological agents and include addressing the heterogeneity of the disease, the need for clinical and surrogate endpoints, and the issue of distinguishing "symptomatic" from "neuroprotective" effects.
Next up: finally, technology catches up with the dream of virtual reality and many of the attention problems will be multiplied and a new issue of distinguishing digital and physical reality will enter.
