Furthermore, because of this reduced genetic diversity (due to the bottleneck) and increased genetic drift (due to isolation), population isolates often show a lack of concordance in allele frequencies with other non-isolated populations [ 37].
Isolation, population bottlenecks, and populations which are heterogeneous with respect to their demographic parameters further bias to the model [ 20].
Firstly, better identification of real vulnerable groups needs to be based on more comprehensive factors, such as political rigidity, population growth, poverty, culture, dependency, geographic isolation, population immunity and human perceptions, behaviours and activities etc.
Understanding the exact ways in which mate choice is exerted is one of the keys to understanding the selective forces driving the processes of assortative mating, reproductive isolation, population divergence and ultimately speciation [ 1].
Post-mating isolation occurs when isolated populations accumulate allelic incompatibilities over time [2] [4].
Different runs were carried out assuming either complete isolation between populations (m = 0) or populations exchanging migrants at a rate m (estimated by the software).
While assortative mating can influence reproductive isolation within populations, variation in phenology can also affect isolation among populations by restricting gene flow (Primack 1985).
Other statistics include tests of population differentiation (Fst, reflecting the level of genetic isolation between populations).
There was evidence in this study not only of reproductive isolation within populations due to assortative mating but also of reproductive isolation among populations due to phenological separation.
Factors such as isolation, small populations and gene flow may have a major influence on the levels of genetic diversity within and among populations (Hamrick et al. 1992).
