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Autophagy is initiated by the formation of a membranous cistern called the isolation membrane (or phagophore) that contains damaged cell components.
Autophagy involves the formation of an isolation membrane (phagophore) that progressively enwraps portions of the cytoplasm until a double-membraned vesicle (autophagosome) is formed.
Formation of a double-membrane structure, named the isolation membrane, is initiated at the PAS.
The isolation membrane extends and surrounds cytosolic cargoes before sealing to form the completed autophagosome.
Cargo receptors ensure selectivity by tethering specific cargo to lipidated Atg8 at the isolation membrane.
(a) In yeast, the outer mitochondrial membrane protein Autophagy-related 32 (Atg32) binds the isolation membrane protein Atg8 through its WXXL-like motif.
These receptor activities may promote elongation of the isolation membrane along the aggregate surface, enabling sequestration of the cargo with high specificity.
The intermediate membrane, termed the phagophore or isolation membrane, is a cup-like structure with a clear concave face and a highly curved rim.
Polymers have been proven to be effective in bridging the interlayer spacing between the clay platelets, and they also form a stable isolation membrane that prevents the water from entering the shale.
High molecular weight polymers, such as polyacrylamide, provide effective shale inhibition by increasing the membrane efficiency of shale they form a highly viscous isolation membrane on the shale that protects the rock from water (Mody et al. 2002).
Nevertheless, the detection of actin filaments surrounding the vacuolating autolysosomes suggests that the actin cytoskeleton may play a role in the invagination of the isolation membrane.
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