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Results from this study provide new information about the mechanisms of spread of ISAV in one the largest documented ISAV epidemics in the world.
We searched for the host factors that may account for different susceptibility and resistance to ISAV in Atlantic salmon.
However, strong responses in phylogenetically remote species (fish and mammals) to diverse viruses such as ISAV in salmon and rhabdovirus (VHSV) in trout [ 43] make such a possibility very unlikely.
The presence of ISAV in the cell lysates was confirmed using RT-PCR and an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with anti-ISAV monoclonal antibody P10 (Aquatic Diagnostics Ltd) including appropriate controls.
Given that there are no known natural hosts for ISAV in Chile, only a few studies have investigated whether the outbreak source came from North America or Europe by using basic phylogenetic methods [ 6, 15, 19, 20].
The cumulative mortality associated with each outbreak of ISAV in Norway and other countries is very high, reaching up to 100% of fish stock in some cases [ 2- 6].
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The pattern of spread was discontinuous, with farms in Shetland becoming infected during summer 1998 but ISAV detected in Orkney in late 1999.
Undoubtedly, collaboration between basic experimental research and phylogenetic fields will help understand the dynamics of ISAV spread in space and time as it has proven fruitful in human health and emerging infectious diseases studies.
The ISAV pathology in sampled fish was confirmed by clinical examination.
Thus the new Chile ISAV involved in this outbreak belongs to Genotype I (the European genotype).
The evidence presented here supports a very strong quantitative link between the number of visits by well boats and the probability of ISAV detection in an area.
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