He is undergoing therapy.
So, the possibility exists that some of the genes exhibiting accelerated unpreferred substitution in fact have inverted usage preferences and are undergoing accelerated preferred substitutions.
Interestingly, the estimated Ks value between ftsZ sequences from M0880/a and FK01 exceed the expected confidence limits (i.e., >> 1.0) likely indicating these plastid-encoded genes are undergoing a high nucleotide substitution rate possibly as a result of the genome reduction process.
Tajima's neutrality test showed that these variable amino-acid as well as the nucleotide substitutions were undergoing neutral or purifying selection.
We reasoned that if selective pressures differed between the two groups, there should be sites undergoing substitutions in the AR-A subtree and constrained in the percomorph AR-B subtree, and symmetrically sites constrained in the AR-A subtree undergoing substitutions in the AR-B subtree.
Both were undergoing reorganization.
Thus, a simple calculation of overall GC content and amino acid composition does not reflect the amount of bias that is actually occurring at the sites undergoing substitution.
The rate at which neutral (non-functional) bases undergo substitution is highly dependent on their location within a genome.
Such compounds are known to readily undergo substitution reactions with electrophiles such as acid chlorides 23 or isocyanates 24 at the nucleophilic carbon atom; our hope was that we could intercept the N, S-ketene acetal 31 with such an electrophile to generate 32, which would then undergo the desired [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to give the product 33.
Patients with posterior urethral stricture due to other etiologies, or those who underwent substitution urethroplasty or abdominoperineal repair were excluded from this review.
Further, the TREx clock would be less valuable if different silent sites within a gene undergo substitution with different rate constants, or different genes undergo silent substitutions with different rate constants.
