How much is under constraint?
Since the majority of protein-coding genome sequence is under constraint, due to the cost of deleterious mutational perturbations in protein function, changes in non-coding regulatory portions of the genome are thought to serve as a major source of evolutionary innovation and substrates for selection (King and Wilson, 1975; Schmidt et al., 2010; Goncalves et al., 2012; Ward and Kellis, 2012).
It is also unclear if the evolutionary breakage of inversion-poor chromosomal arms is under constraints.
Whether the casting director was under constraint, or maybe under the influence, I couldn't say, but the mismatch is most unfortunate, because, if "The Debt" is about anything, it is about the continuity of silence and guilt.
We have shown above that protein complexes are under constraint to maintain their relative expression levels and exhibit limited expression variability between individuals.
The actual constraint vector can vary across the window, although power will be reduced if only some sites are under constraint.
Unlike genes that undergo duplication and divergence [ 20], individual units within a tandem array are under constraint and maintain a high-degree of sequence identity.
This region appears to be under constraint in a lineage-specific manner, and does not appear as a strong signal when looking for conservation across all strains.
We used 3.5% as a cutoff, because it is estimated that 3.5% of the non-coding sequences in the human genome are under constraint [ 19] and we assumed constraint sequences should be conserved.
lncRNAs have been found to be more folded in secondary structure than predicted by chance, albeit to a lesser extent than mRNAs, suggesting that secondary structure, rather than simple nucleotide sequence, could be under constraint (Yang and Zhang 2015).
Because coding sequences are under constraint, they tend to be less variable and, at least in this instance, seem to be reasonably well resolved without the time-consuming measures needed to create genetically homogenous lines.
