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By construction of the ISCO-based measure, for instance, overeducation is undefined for high-skill positions.
In general, the method of backwards induction is undefined for games of imperfect information, although backwards induction reasoning can be applied to a limited extent in such games.
To do this we must say when \ \bP'_i(\bd)\) maps to \({\textsf{t}}\), when it maps to \({\textsf{f}}\), and when it is undefined, for each \ \bd\) with components from \ \bD\).
We write E x to retrieve the value of x in environment E, and similarly ⟦ τ ⟧ E to evaluate the expression τ with respect to the values of the variables in environment E. The environment which is undefined for each variable is denoted with E ⊥.
Note that T is undefined for the grid point not in the ROI; thus, if is not in the ROI, δ i−1,j =0 will force (Delta ^{-x}_{i,j}T=0) which corresponds to no information flow from to.
Note that \gamma is undefined for an object with a non-zero rest mass at the speed of light, and the theory yields no prediction at that speed.
Similar(47)
Because division by zero is not allowed, the tangent and secant are not defined for angles the terminal side of which falls on the y-axis, and the cotangent and cosecant are undefined for angles the terminal side of which falls on the x-axis.
A special constraint propagation is used to automatically remove regions where the functions are undefined for real numbers.
If this is right, epistemic intensions will be undefined for scenarios in which the target expression does not exist.
You will only see pitches from startups who have paid £500 £200 (or £100 "for very early-stage startup", thoguh that's undefined) for a 5 min pitch.
Church's hope was that contradictions could be avoided by ensuring the possibility that a propositional function be undefined for some argument.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com