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But the strong thesis, that the composition relation is the identity relation, gives a fuller explanation.
The Naiyāyikas thus say that every negative sentence is the negation of a sentence of the form "aRb", and they distinguish between cases where the relation R is the identity relation and cases where it is a relation other than identity.
1. Conditions (4) and (5) imply that θ(T) is in fact the Leibniz congruence of < FmL, T >. which is the result of replacing in δ(p) ≈ ε(p) the letter p by the formula p ↔ q that defines the congruence relation of a theory, is the identity relation on A. 3.
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We will let R1 be R, and R0 will be the identity relation, i.e. wR0v iff w=v.
What this must mean, then, is that the identity relation just is not what matters (or is not what matters very much) in survival; instead, what matters has to consist in psychological continuity and/or connectedness (what Parfit calls "Relation R").
One common objection is that the identity relation simply isn't the sort of relation that can hold between a single thing and many things.
The key for Locke is that what grounds both prudential concern and moral responsibility is the personal identity relation, a relation uniquely unifying temporally distinct person-stages via consciousness.
If, in the previous relations, g is the identity mapping, then F is said to have the mixed monotone property.
If, in the previous relations, g is the identity mapping, then F is said to have the monotone property.
If in the previous relations g is the identity mapping, then it is said that F has a mixed monotone property.
Furthermore, the above equivalence relation is imprimitive, which means that it is different from the identity relation ( a ∼ b if and only if a = b ) and the universal relation ( a ∼ b for all a, b ∈ Q ˆ ).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com