Recruits are often promised an exciting, glamorous adventure and a chance to change the world.
Donors are charged only if the goal is met, and are often promised sweeteners in return for their contributions, pledge-drive style.
During meetings with brokers, schools are often promised that if they cooperate with the DfE, they can help to decide which sponsor will be chosen for the school, says Kelsall. "But ultimately this isn't the case.
The young women are often promised jobs in Italy and forced into sex work, told they will be freed once they have paid a debt that can be as high as €80,000 (£57,700).
The women are often promised a monetary incentive if they undergo the procedure.
Cloud computing, the ubiquitous buzzword that's often promised as the future of information technology, is becoming more and more like its name: an amorphous outline that everyone seems to interpret as a different animal.
While those who serve their country are often promised saleable skills and job opportunities they wouldn't have access to otherwise, the reality is that veterans often feel discriminated against and overlooked in the workplace.
While it is universally accepted that translation is the goal, this is not a realistic deliverable or tangible aim of any single investigation or approach, although this is often implicitly promised.
In practice, this has meant a wide-scale forced dispersal of poorer, ethnically mixed communities from estates, who are "decanted" while their estate is regenerated, often promised they will get the chance to return, only to find that no affordable housing is available in their newly regenerated estate.
Dr Adam Marshall, director of policy at the British Chambers of Commerce, said: "Infrastructure projects are too often promised and too rarely delivered in this country, and that cycle must be broken.
