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Biological evidence, whether obtained at a crime scene, from a rape victim or from a suspect, is often collected using a swab, and this collection is usually the first step in a long process of obtaining the DNA profiles of possible perpetrators.
Since feedback is often collected using error-prone measurement mechanisms, for example, biased estimator or unbiased estimator, they adopted the knowledge of stochastic approximation and proved stability of the algorithms of single-time scale and two-time scale.
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Survival data in many follow-up studies are often collected using cross-sectional sampling designs.
Bleeding data in contraceptive trials are often collected using daily diaries, but data quality may vary due to compliance and recall bias.
Data for health surveys are often collected using either mailed questionnaires, telephone interviews or a combination.
Such qualitative data are often collected using multiple methods, including focus groups, key informant interviews, expert opinion, and clinical observation.
Data on quality of life are often collected using proxies, but research findings show discrepancies between child and proxy reports [ 43].
In oncology, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data are often collected using disease-specific patient questionnaires while generic, patient-level utility data required for health economic modeling are often not collected.
In many states, tilapia must be housed in specially designed pens with roofs to prevent birds from carrying the fish elsewhere; their waste is often collected to use as fertilizer rather than released.
"What users are seeing is an artefact of the data collection process.… Bathymetric (or sea floor terrain) data is often collected from boats using sonar to take measurements of the sea floor.… The lines reflect the path of the boat as it gathers the data.
Practical limitations mean that by necessity, data is often collected from cell populations and used to draw inferences on individual cell behaviour or intracellular state that cannot be easily observed in the laboratory.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com