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We show that if the observed system is observable and the network graph is a strongly connected directed graph, then a distributed observer exists with state space dimension equal to Nn−∑i= 1Npi, where N is the number of network nodes, n is the state space dimension of the observed plant, and pi is the rank of the output matrix of the observed output received by the ith local observer.
This is science: it is observable and overwhelmingly supported by physical evidence and scientific consensus.
Subtle variation in crown, breast, and belly coloration is observable, and rather more obvious differences in vocalizations, all of which suggest that more than one species is probably involved within this complex.
In the ENDOR method, driving an NMR resonance changes the populations of at least one of the energy levels between which an ESR transition is observable, and thus the strong ESR signal is measurably modified.
We then turn to the inverse problem, and construct two passive state/signal realizations of a given passive future behavior W+, one of which is observable and backward conservative, and the other controllable and forward conservative.
If one wants to control the noise from a duct, then one must have a sufficient number of sensors and actuators so that the control system is observable and controllable.
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We first have to address what it means for a symmetry to be observable, and indeed whether all symmetries have the same observational status.
All usability metrics must be observable and quantifiable.
And some of those things are observable, and some of those things aren't.
By definition, research knowledge involves "natural" phenomena; those that are observable and measurable by humans.
It was predicted that several novel phenomena should be observable, and experiments have demonstrated them.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com