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Proprioception is epistemically on a par with introspective knowledge, in that (i) it is a species of direct, non-inferential awareness, and (ii) it is "immune to error through misidentification of the first-person pronoun" in Shoemaker's sense.
However, this term is most often used to refer to a property of beliefs: roughly, a belief is infallible if it is immune to error or is guaranteed to be true.
Shoemaker (1968), for example, argues that self-knowledge of certain psychological facts such as "I am waving my arm" or "I see a canary", when arrived at "in the ordinary way (without the aid of mirrors, etc).", is immune to error through misidentification relative to the first-person pronoun (see also Campbell 1999; Pryor 1999; Bar-On 2004; Hamilton 2008).
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our minds are often working against us no one is immune to errors in thinking.
This aspect of episodic memory reports is often expressed by saying that they are immune to error through misidentification.
(This does not violate Evans' claim that such judgments are immune to error through misidentification: the error here is not one of misidentifying the subject, but instead of falsely ascribing a property to the self).
The debate is then articulated around three main questions: (i) Can bodily self-ascriptions be immune to error, and if so, what are the appropriate grounds that secure bodily IEM (e.g., Vignemont, 2012)?
According to the dominant view on bodily IEM, which has been defended by Evans (1982) and others (e.g., Bermudez, 1998; Dokic, 2003; Brewer, 1995; Cassam, 1995), perceiving one's body through body senses grounds bodily self-ascriptions that are immune to error through misidentification.
Not that they are immune to errors, some of which helped Thursday's contest develop into the second successive thriller after China's narrow victory in Wednesday's men's team final.
We show how to systematically thin first order Reed-Muller codes, as a representative example of highly structured additive error correcting codes with good minimum distance properties, such that the resulting thinned code is immune to additive errors and a synchronization error.
As Google learned when its employees took their hands off the wheel, the other half is ensuring that the technology is immune to human error.
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