The DOA of sources is given by the positions of the maxima of the pseudo-spectrum represented by: F MUSIC ( f, θ ) = 1 a + ( f, θ ) V n ( f ) V n + ( f ) a ( f, θ ), (5).
The p values reported below are given by the position of the original statistic in the empirical distribution of the permutation statistic [ 31, 32].
The Hamming distance between two RNA sequences or subsequences is given by the number of positions in which their nucleotides differ.
The Hamming distance between two secondary structures of the same length is given by the number of positions in which the two structures, aligned in standard bracket notation, differ.
The experimental data indicate that the major factors responsible for thermal lag are heat transfer from the sample environment to the sample surface (which is given by the chamber design), sample position in the chamber and the mutual position of the sample and thermometer Pt-100.
Moreover, time can be incorporated indirectly in DIVA by separating events into time bins (Sanmartín et al. 2001), or in phylogenetic paleobiogeography (Maguire and Stigall 2008), by using a "temporally calibrated cladogram" in which time is given by the stratigraphic age and position of the fossil lineage in the phylogeny.
Standard SD-OCT processing including rescaling and Fourier transformation yields two comprocessingincluding 1 (i, j ) and Γ 2 (i, j ), wherescalingiandposition (depth) is given by the index i and the lateral position (time) by the index j.
Next, we consider the partial order relation ≤ on X that is given by the 'natural' ordering of positions within the sequences.
The expected variation in contrast with mean gray levels the mean of the quantized speckle pattern recorded by a CCD in this case is given by the red circles whose positions were calculated using Eq. (9) with C0 from the original unquantized speckle pattern and μ ′ values chosen based on quantized speckle patterns at different intensity, in close agreement with the simulation.
