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It is assumed that the cellular activity is further activated when the field is turned on (during incubation of PEG-SPION with A549, MDA-MB-231 and Jurkat cells), enabling the SPION to affect the cell metabolism.
The active IKK complex is further activated by ubiquitinated RIP1, which in turn leads to the activation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (Tand) and consequent phosphorylation of IKKα and IKKβ.
The hydrothermal carbon composite is further activated by KOH, and graphene in the activated carbon composite demonstrates a positive effect of increasing specific surface area, pore volume and electrical conductivity, resulting in superior electrochemical performance.
TGF- β is further activated by cleavage of its binding protein, latent activating protein (LAP), by MMP-2 and MMP-9 (Yu and Stamenkovic 2000).
CHK1 is active even in unperturbed cells, but is further activated through the phosphorylation of S317 and S345 by ATR, primarily in response to single stranded breaks and replication stress [ 23].
After the initial activation of Cdc25 and consequent derepression of Cdc2/CyclinB, Cdc25 is further activated through a Cdc2-catalyzed positive feedback loop.
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In normal physiological conditions, under the control of Hpo signaling, the function of Yki Sd to promote ISC proliferation is restricted and the pro-proliferation of target genes such as diap1 that inhibits Hpo-induced caspase activity cannot be further activated.
Although ALDH2 is constitutively active, it can be further activated by ischaemic preconditioning (due to εPKC-mediated phosphorylation) as well as by small molecule activators of this enzyme, Aldas.
For instance, Pozzi et al. demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) induced epigenetic activation of CYP26A1 required the activity of RAR β2, which was further activated by functional RAR α in response to RA. Future researches investigating the coordinated network involving chains of signaling upstream of the epigenetic codes are essential to unveil the mystery of gene regulation.
The PPy-NCs are further activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activation agent for producing a porous nitrogen-containing carbon structure.
In contrast to K270A, we found that the E373Q (motif II) mutant displayed a significant and reproducible constitutive activity (Fig. 2) and could be further activated by both dsRNAs.
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