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For example, the fragmented folate biosynthesis pathway from the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia is functional because of the recruitment of promiscuous and adaptable enzymes from other biosynthetic pathways [ 25].
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The ICC should be functional because of its central role in the management of infectious risk.
It is likely that all the CaM gene copies are functional because of the strong sequence conservation.
We do not know yet which of the MVI binding regions is involved in the association with AKAP9, but certainly this interaction is functional because depletion of MVI causes not only an increase of AKAP9 and PKA kinase expression levels but also a substantial increase in the cAMP level.
Across the world, it would be a mistake to focus solely on improving the average densities of cities. Los Angeles has a higher average density than New York, for example, yet LA is regarded as a dysfunctional urban form while NY is functional, because it comprises a network of high-density neighbourhoods interconnected by efficient and affordable mass transit systems.
The results indicated that the secreted IL-21 and GM-CSF were functional because the culture supernatant of SKOV3 cells transfected with the plasmid pRSC-GM-CSF-IL21 enhanced NK cytotoxicity in vitro.
In fact, ChU-B is functional in blood because of the slowed down kinetics.
Because phene-of is functional, and has-phene is inverse functional.
MMA and tHcy are functional indicators of status because they measure metabolites that accumulate as a result of deficiencies in the vitamins that their metabolism requires (7, 9).
In contrast, in transformed cells, in which the ARF/p53 pathway is not functional, because of ARF mutations, apoptosis is evaded and tumorigenesis is favored.
Our results highlight the limitations of bioinformatic and in vitro DNA-binding analyses as sole methods for defining transcription-factor-binding sites if they overlook low-affinity binding sites that might be functional in vivo because of tissue-specific cofactors.
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