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The baseline survivor function in is estimated by solving where is the Breslow (1972) estimator: The survival function of censoring can be also approximated by the Breslow (1972) estimator by considering events as "censored" observations and censored observations as "events" (Satten and Datta, 2001).
In traditional MP methods [2 7], xΛ is estimated by solving a least squares problem.
K v is estimated by solving the Mellor-Yamada level-2 closure model (Mellor and Yamada, 1982), and K h is estimated by Smagorinsky model (Smagorinsky, 1963).
In the runtime phase, first, the macroblock occupied by the device is estimated by solving the optimization problem min|z-Psi' x|_{2}qquad text{s.
The motion vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order hologram and the matrix containing Dirac delta function.
The displacement vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order hologram and the matrix containing Dirac delta function.
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Then, 2D DOA can be estimated by solving two 1D DOA estimation problems successively instead of directly estimating 2D DOA.
The IPW estimator, γ ̂ I 1, of γ can be estimated by solving the equation ∑ i = 1 n ( ξ i / π ̂ i z ) S γ ( W i | X i ) = 0, where S γ ( W i | X i ) = Z i ′ ( W i − T i exp ( γ ′ Z i ) ).
So, reflectance component can be estimated by solving Poisson equation.
In this way, the mixing matrix A can be estimated by solving the following problem.
Practically, can be estimated by solving the following equations of [34] (9).
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