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CKD is defined to be present when low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or enhanced urinary protein excretion, both of which conditions has been shown to be associated with cardiac remodeling [ 18, 19], exists for certain period of time.
For example, when the information about total population is available in a randomized controlled trial, causal-RR modification is defined to be present if stratum-specific causal RRs from each subpopulation varies across the strata of C, i.e., causal RR C =1 ≠ causal RR C =0 (see equations A11 and A12).
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Osseous fusion was defined to be present when trabeculae crossing the site of the arthrodesis were seen radiographically, resulting in the disappearance of the gap.
Uniformity of opinion was defined to be present if ≥70% of the respondents answered similarly.
Each attribute had 2 to 7 levels; all were defined to be present with certainty (i.e. no risks involved).
Depression was defined to be present at a score >39% (PAID), ≤52% (WHO-5) and ≥40 (ADS-L).
In the current study, high blood pressure was defined to be present when systolic blood pressure was ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure was ≥ 90 mmHg.
Synergistic interaction was defined to be present if the effect of both exposures was more than additive compared with their independent effects (SI > 1) [ 30].
Interaction was defined to be present when the addition of an interaction term improved the original model and the P-value was <10%.
Synergistic interaction was defined to be present if the effect of both exposures was more than additive compared with their independent effects (synergy index, S > 1) [ 15].
Rapidly progressive ILD was defined to be present when ILD showed radiographic deterioration causing hypoxia within one month from respiratory symptom onset.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com